Malaysia Veterinary Forum (Archive)

vivonne · Joined: 16 Jul 2006 Posts: 35 Location: k.l ,malaysia

hi...there

can anyone pls tell me the simpton of power virus infection. will it happen to a 2 months old puppies.One of my friend dog maybe had this kind of sickness....i so pity of the dog .....hope someone can give me some opinion regarding this matter.....thanks alot

Dr Chong · Joined: 12 Dec 2005 Posts: 666 Location: KL

Here is information on Parvo virus infection from Merck Vet Manual:

Quote:
CANINE PARVOVIRUS

Etiology and Pathophysiology:
The origin of the canine parvovirus has not been established. The virus is very stable in the environment, able to withstand wide pH ranges and high temperatures. It is resistant to a number of common disinfectants and may survive for several months in contaminated areas. Rottweilers, American Pit Bull Terriers, Doberman Pinschers, and German Shepherds are at increased risk of disease. Toy Poodles and Cocker Spaniels appear at decreased risk for developing the enteric disease. Mortality associated with canine parvovirus infection is variably reported to be 16-48%.
The virus is transmitted by direct contact with infected dogs. Indirect transmission, e.g., from fecal-contaminated fomites, is also an important source of infection. The virus is shed in the feces of infected dogs for up to 3 wk after infection. Recovered dogs may serve as carriers and shed the virus periodically.

After ingestion, the virus replicates in lymphoid tissue of the oropharynx; from there, it spreads to the bloodstream. It attacks rapidly dividing cells throughout the body, especially those in the bone marrow, lymphopoietic tissue, and the crypt epithelium of the jejunum and ileum. Early lymphatic infection is accompanied by lymphopenia and precedes intestinal infection and GI (gastrointestinal) signs. Replication in the bone marrow and lymphopoietic tissue causes neutropenia and lymphopenia, respectively. By 3 days after infection, rapidly dividing intestinal crypt cells are infected. Viral shedding in the feces begins 3-4 days after infection and peaks when clinical signs appear. Viral shedding decreases rapidly and may no longer be detected 10-14 days after initial infection. Replication of the virus in the crypt epithelium of the gut causes collapse of intestinal villi, epithelial necrosis, and hemorrhagic diarrhea. Normal enteric bacteria, e.g., Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli enter the denuded mucosa and may gain entry to the bloodstream, resulting in bacteremia.

Clinical Findings:
Infected dogs are often asymptomatic. Clinical disease may be triggered by stress (e.g., boarding), and clinical signs may be exacerbated by concurrent infection with opportunistic enteric pathogens (eg, Salmonella , C perfringens , E coli , Campylobacter , coronavirus, and various parasites). The dose of virus required to cause clinical disease may also be a factor. Prolonged contact with a dog shedding high levels of virus increases the likelihood of disease. The incubation period is 3-8 days. Viral shedding may begin on day 3, before the onset of clinical signs.
Initially, 2 common clinical forms of the disease were recognized—myocarditis and gastroenteritis. Myocarditis was seen in young pups, especially in the early neonatal period. Infection led to myocardial necrosis with either acute cardiopulmonary failure (causing pulmonary edema, cyanosis, and collapse) or scarring of the myocardium and progressive cardiac insufficiency. However, myocarditis is no longer seen because effective immunization of bitches protects pups during this early period of life.

Gastroenteritis is most common in pups 6-20 wk old, ie, the period when maternal antibody protection falls and vaccination has not yet adequately protected the pup against infection. Most affected dogs (~85%) are <1>6 mo old, intact males are more likely to develop enteritis than intact females, reflecting the tendency of male dogs to roam. Dogs with the enteric form suffer from an acute onset of lethargy, anorexia, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. The feces are loose and may contain mucus or blood. The severity of clinical signs varies. Most dogs recover within a few days with appropriate supportive care; others can die within hours of the onset of clinical signs. A common complication is pulmonary edema or alveolitis.

Other clinical problems that have been associated with canine parvovirus include birth defects and infertility; however, supportive evidence is lacking.

Prevention and Control:
Contaminated areas should be thoroughly cleaned. Household bleach (1:30 dilution) or commercial products labeled for use against parvovirus are potent inactivators of the virus. The same solutions may be used as footbaths to disinfect footwear. Disinfection of hands, clothing, and food and water bowls is recommended. Pups should be kept isolated from adult dogs returning from shows or field trials.

Vaccination is critical in the control of the disease. Variants of the virus have appeared since the disease was first recognized, but current vaccines protect dogs against all strains of the virus. Vaccines containing live attenuated canine parvovirus generally induce more effective immunity than inactivated virus vaccines. The high-titer canine parvovirus vaccines now available effectively protect puppies against viral challenge, even during the period when maternal antibody titers remain high enough to interfere with active immunization but have declined enough to predispose pups to infection. Vaccination of pups should begin at 5-8 wk of age, preferably with a high antigen-density vaccine. The last vaccination should be given at 16-20 wk of age, and annual vaccination thereafter is recommended.

Dr Nat · Joined: 07 Dec 2005 Posts: 1834 Location: Klang Valley

Just to say a few word on this disease.

Parvo virus disease is a very very infectious disease. Usually puppies are really susceptible to this disease. And if you get one, its really easy to spread to the others as well. Parvovirus mainly causes diarrhoea and vomiting. In younger dogs, it can get so severe that the chances of them surviving is very slim. There are no effective cure for it, and all you could do is hospitalise the pup and hope for the best. The only good news is, that this disease is easily prevented by vaccination. So, make sure you get them vaccinated according to shcedule.

Dr Chong · Joined: 12 Dec 2005 Posts: 666 Location: KL

I believe there is still a chance for pups to survive through the infection provided they have received appropriate therapy by the vet. And as a owner with a parvo dog, control measures like eliminating the virus from the environment to prevent the spread of the disease is important too.

vivonne · Joined: 16 Jul 2006 Posts: 35 Location: k.l ,malaysia

hi...there
thanks for replying my mess.....my friend`s 2 1/2 months puppy had pass away 2 days ago.....i feel so sorry to hear the news from my friend.it `s a very cute puppy and it make me so sad to hear the news :(

Dr csh · Joined: 21 Jan 2006 Posts: 427

- deleted by dr csh for personal reasons -

Dr Nat · Joined: 07 Dec 2005 Posts: 1834 Location: Klang Valley

So sorry to hear about the puppy.

If your friend decide to buy another dog, its better to make sure it is vaccinated and dewormed before buying. And then, remember to follow up on the next boosters. If the person who claimed that the pup was vaccinated, don't believe them unless you have the vaccination card - which contains the type of vaccine used (preferably the vaccine label), the vet's signature and stamp.

And if your friend decide to adopt a puppy without any vaccination, it is better to bring it to the vet for an initial check up before you agree to adopt it.

vivonne · Joined: 16 Jul 2006 Posts: 35 Location: k.l ,malaysia

hi...dr nat

my friend buy the dog from a pet shop that i recommend for him and the dog is come with a vaccination card that show the dog already been vaccinated and dewormed.i feel very sorry to hear the news about the puppy pass away from him but lucky the petshop owner replace him with a new dog yesterday.i also not understand why the puppy can get this kind of virus althought she already been vaccinated.

Dr Dunker · Joined: 02 Jun 2006 Posts: 466 Location: Puchong,Selangor

U need at least 3 vaccinations (somtimes 4 depending on breed) given 3-4 weeks apart before the dog is protected. No vaccin have a 100% protection rate.

leo_theonlyone · Joined: 05 Oct 2006 Posts: 43 Location: Serdang and Kuching

Hi..
Can canine parvovirus cross species and infect cats since there is feline parvovirus?

Dr Nat · Joined: 07 Dec 2005 Posts: 1834 Location: Klang Valley

Even though the puppy was vaccinated, it needs to be vaccinated at the right time (not to early, not too late), and not miss the next booster. Did you check if it was vaccinated by a vet?

Dr Nat · Joined: 07 Dec 2005 Posts: 1834 Location: Klang Valley

leo_theonlyone wrote: Hi..
Can canine parvovirus cross species and infect cats since there is feline parvovirus?
Although it is in the same class of virus, they are host specific. That means the parvovirus that infects a dog would not infect a cat, and vice versa. The only way it could cross species, is if it undergoes a major mutation.

varanus · Joined: 12 Feb 2006 Posts: 472

The original CPV 2 is believed to be originated from Feline Parvovirus (FPV) and closely related to Mink Enteritis Virus (MEV), major mutation in 1940s. CPV 2a and 2b was later discovered in 1979 and 1984, respectively. Both of these viruses readily replicate in cat cells (intestine and lymph nodes) but not CPV 2. As I stated before in other thread, that about 50 % of feline panleukopaenia is caused by canine parvovirus. However FPV will not be able to grow in canine cell culture and hence, subclinical infection and voluntarily recovery.

There is a newly discovered CPV 2c in leopard cat in South east asia, 1997.

It is also agreed by some that the naming of parvovirus among carnivore is more accurate to be based on the genotic relationship than to be based on the host (phylogenetic tree).

BTW, one of the strong pointw of fortdodge vaccine Duramune Max 5 (for dogs) is because CPV 2a and 2b are used in the vaccine.

Dr Dunker · Joined: 02 Jun 2006 Posts: 466 Location: Puchong,Selangor

feline parvo virus does not replicate in dog cells.

Some practice (including the one i work in) use the canine test kits to detect parvo in cats. The frequency of positive results can b quite high, depending on location of outbreaks.